Scripture: Deuteronomy 5:17; 19:1-13; 21:1-9 and Matthew 5:21-26
Video Link: https://youtu.be/3jKtfMUW85s
Structure:
- Introduction
- Murder – protect life
- Manslaughter – pursue justice
- Mystery – provide atonement
- Conclusion
Introduction:
Good morning everyone.
Have you ever noticed how many books, TV series and movies involve a murder mystery? Most of us would recoil in shock and horror if we were ever involved in a real life murder but, for some strange reason, we still like a good who dun it story.
Why is that I wonder? Is it simply the desire to solve the puzzle? Or is it the satisfaction of seeing justice done? Or maybe a fascination with own our mortality? I don’t know?
Personally, I have enjoyed G.K. Chesterton’s character, Father Brown, and also James Runcie’s hero priest, Sydney Chambers. They are pretty tame though. Anything too violent I don’t find entertaining.
This morning we continue our series in Deuteronomy. We are up to that part (in chapter 5) where Moses reiterates the ten commandments or ten words of Yahweh. Today our focus is the command, ‘You shall not murder’, in verse 17.
You would think a short command like that would be fairly straight forward. You shall not murder. Sounds like a good idea. Sermon done. Well, not quite. It turns out killing can be quite complicated.
Our message this morning looks at three of the problems that come with killing. There is the problem of murder, the problem of manslaughter and the problem of mystery deaths. Deuteronomy has a method and purpose in dealing with each of these problems. First, let’s consider the problem of murder…
Murder:
Some Bibles translate the commandment as You shall not kill while others go with You shall not murder. So which is it? Because murder has a different nuance of meaning to the word kill.
If you kill a wild deer, when you are out hunting, that is not considered murder. Likewise, if a soldier kills someone in battle, that is not considered murder either. Murder normally refers to the premeditated killing of an individual person, outside the context of a war.
Well, the Hebrew word for kill, in a general sense, is harag. (Please excuse my poor pronunciation.) A shepherd might harag a wolf to protect his sheep. Or a soldier might harag an enemy soldier to protect his country.
The Hebrew verb, normally translated as murder, is ratsakh. A different word from kill.
Deuteronomy 5:17 uses ratsakh, which usually means the wilful, premeditated killing of another human being out of hatred, anger, passion, envy, fear or for some other reason the community regards as illegitimate. [1]
To complicate matters, the word ratsakh is sometimes also used when talking about accidental killings. However, the context always makes it clear what the writer means. In the context of Deuteronomy 5, the command is best understood in English as, you shall not murder.
For us 21st Century Western readers, the prohibition against murder raises a whole raft of questions. For example, why is murder outlawed in the Old Testament, while Holy War is permitted under certain circumstances?
Some might also ask questions of the Biblical text that the original writers were not trying to answer. For example, is abortion murder? What about euthanasia, how does that fit with this command?
These sorts of questions need to be taken seriously and the people whose lives are affected by these questions need to be treated with respect. For that reason, I’m not going to attempt to answer these concerns in this sermon. We simply can’t do justice to these subjects in the time available.
I will say this though: one of the main purposes of the law of Moses is to protect life. Protecting human life is certainly the purpose with the prohibition against murder.
Thou shalt not murder is not unique to Jewish / Christian religion. It goes back centuries before Moses. Pretty much every culture and religion has a rule against murder.
In Genesis 9, after the great flood when God was cutting a covenant with Noah, the Lord said: 6 “Whoever sheds human blood, by humans shall their blood be shed; for in the image of God has God made mankind.
Human beings are made in the image of God and that makes our lives sacred. In addition to the harm a murder causes families and the wider community, to murder someone is to assault the image of God. It is a personal affront to God.
The Law of Moses commanded the death penalty for murderers. In the historical context of the time, the death penalty provided a strong deterrent to murder and it satisfied natural justice, putting an end to the matter. The death penalty was also a way for Israel to maintain the moral purity of the nation.
Does that mean we should return to the death penalty today? Well, the larger Biblical narrative shows a God who is both just and merciful. A God who makes people accountable for their actions but who also looks for ways to redeem wrong doers.
God protected Cain after Cain had murdered his brother Abel, although there were still consequences for Cain. Likewise, God did not have David killed after David murdered Uriah. By the same token, God did not let David get off Scott free. David and his family still faced judgment.
Looking at the Bible as whole, I don’t think we should think of the death penalty for murder as an ideal to strive for. Jesus shows us through his teaching and his example the ideal of God’s Kingdom. In Matthew 5 we read…
21 “You have heard that it was said to the people long ago, ‘You shall not murder, and anyone who murders will be subject to judgment.’ 22 But I tell you that anyone who is angry with a brother or sisterwill be subject to judgment.
As I understand these verses, Jesus is wanting to prevent murder from happening in the first place, by nipping anger in the bud. If murder is the fruit, then anger is the root. When we learn to positively manage our anger, we have a better chance of avoiding violence.
In order to manage our anger, we must first be aware of when we are feeling angry. What are our triggers? What are the things that press our buttons? Try to avoid those triggers if you can.
Anger is normally a secondary emotion. So the next question is, what’s fuelling my anger? Is my anger unrighteous; the product of my own envy, hate ignorance and fear? Or is my anger righteous; a reaction to some kind of injustice?
If my anger is unrighteous, then I need to get my heart and head straight. I need to humble myself and seek to make things right. But if my anger is righteous, then I need to take a breath and ask God what he wants me to do about it, if anything.
Jesus rightly became angry at the injustice he saw with the money changers in the temple and he overturned their tables as a prophetic statement, an acted out parable. Jesus was not envious or fearful of the money changers. Nor did he hate them. To the contrary, Jesus was acting in love to give everyone a fair deal.
We are not Jesus though. The difficulty is that, in the heat of the moment, we become blind. We may feel completely justified in calling someone an idiot or throwing a punch, but we don’t see the whole picture. Exercising self-control and managing our anger requires us to slow down and think.
Okay, so where the problem is murder, Deuteronomy prohibits murder and provides the death penalty as a deterrent. The purpose of the Law here is to protect human life.
As followers of Jesus we are not to come anywhere close to murder. We are to practice self-control. That means nipping unrighteous anger in the bud and channelling righteous anger in a non-violent way.
We can’t expect self-control to come naturally though. Self-control is one of the fruits of the Spirit and needs to be cultivated through the practice of certain spiritual disciplines, like slowing down to make time for prayer and reflection.
Manslaughter:
What about the problem of manslaughter or accidental killings? Well, Deuteronomy has some advice on that issue as well. In chapter 19 we read about the provision of ‘cities of refuge’ for those who accidentally kill a neighbour without malice or premeditation. From verse 5 we read…
5 For instance, a man may go into the forest with his neighbour to cut wood, and as he swings his axe to fell a tree, the head may fly off and hit his neighbour and kill him. That man may flee to one of these cities [of refuge] and save his life. 6 Otherwise, the avenger of blood might pursue him in a rage, overtake him if the distance is too great, and kill him even though he is not deserving of death, since he did it to his neighbour without malice aforethought.
When I was at High School another guy (First 15, Maadi cup, body builder sports type) pushed me to the ground and punched me in the face while I was still on the ground. I never saw it coming.
A teacher stopped him before he did too much damage and took us both to the Principal. It turns out this guy thought I had stood on his pie. I didn’t stand on his pie. I was just in the wrong place at the wrong time.
In the heat of his anger he thought he was completely justified in taking revenge. Afterwards though, when his perspective had returned, he felt bad and regretted his actions. It didn’t really bother me. I let it go and moved on.
Life is messy. People make mistakes. Accidents happen. Sometimes wires get crossed and reason goes out the window. Moses understood this and provided cities of refuge for the innocent to escape to when things went pear shaped.
There were to be six of these cities of refuge, three on each side of the Jordan River, and each with good roads leading to them, so the accidental killer could escape before being overtaken by the avenger of blood.
When we hear the phrase ‘avenger of blood’, we might think of Marvel comic book heroes like Iron Man, Captain America, the Hulk and so on. That’s not what Deuteronomy means by an avenger.
The avenger of blood was a close relative who, in ancient near eastern culture, was honour bound to kill the person who had murdered their family member. Deuteronomy did not outlaw this wild west form of retribution but it did try to restrict it so that revenge killings at least served the purpose of justice.
Sometimes the avenger of blood would act in the heat of the moment without waiting for a proper legal process to sort out the facts. This could lead to miscarriages of justice if the avenger got the wrong person or misunderstood the situation.
The problem with accidental killings is that there are two victims. The person who died and the one who inadvertently caused the death. Imagine the burden of guilt you would carry. How do you live with that? Someone who commits manslaughter is innocent of pre-meditated murder and therefore justice requires they be treated in a more lenient way.
Having an accessible city of refuge to escape to, gave the accidental killer sanctuary until the case could be decided properly by the elders of the town. Moses was trying to promote proper processes of justice and prevent angry relatives from taking matters into their own hands.
The purpose of the law here (and elsewhere) is to encourage people to pursue justice, not revenge.
We often associate the Old Testament with the verse: ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’. That saying was not intended to promote revenge. It was intended to limit revenge and ensure that justice was done by making the punishment fit the crime.
The Old Testament, like the New Testament, promotes justice with mercy. In Leviticus (an Old Testament book) we read: Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people but love your neighbour as you love yourself.
Sounds a lot like something Jesus would say, don’t you think? Except that Jesus took it even further saying, in Matthew 5…
43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbour and hate your enemy.’ 44 But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 that you may be children of your Father in heaven.
The part about loving your neighbour comes from the Old Testament. But the part about hating your enemy does not come from anywhere in the Bible. That’s just a made up saying.
Loving your enemies is the opposite of retaliation. Perhaps the greatest expression of love is forgiveness. This teaching of Jesus is incredibly difficult to apply because it requires us to submit to unjust treatment. We need to accept God’s forgiveness for ourselves before we can forgive others.
Okay, so where the problem is manslaughter, Deuteronomy says, ‘provide cities of refuge’. The purpose of the Law here is to encourage the community to pursue justice and not take revenge prematurely.
As followers of Jesus we are to resist the temptation to take revenge and practice forgiveness. Jesus shows us most clearly what love and forgiveness looks like in the way he went to the cross without defending himself.
Though he was powerful, with legions of angels at his disposal, Jesus did not lift a finger against his enemies. And though he was innocent, Jesus did not insist on justice for himself. Instead, Jesus prayed for his persecutors saying: Father forgive them, for they know not what they do.
We’ve talked about the problem of murder and the problem of manslaughter. What to do though when there is a mystery death? Deuteronomy recommends providing atonement.
Mystery:
In Deuteronomy 21, we read that where someone is found dead in a field and it is not known who the killer is, the elders of the town nearest the dead body shall make atonement by breaking the neck of an unworked heifer beside a flowing stream.
6 Then all the elders of the town nearest the body shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley, 7 and they shall declare: “Our hands did not shed this blood, nor did our eyes see it done. 8 Accept this atonement for your people Israel, whom you have redeemed, Lord, and do not hold your people guilty of the blood of an innocent person.” Then the bloodshed will be atoned for,
Atonement is the action of making amends for a wrong or an injury. For example, if someone borrows your car and gets a speeding ticket while driving it, then they might make atonement by paying the fine. Or, if someone in a position of responsibility fails in their duty, they might make atonement by resigning from their job. Or, if colonists steal land from the indigenous people, then they might make atonement by returning the land.
Atonement, in a religious sense, has to do with the removal of guilt. The ritual described in Deuteronomy 21 removed any suggestion of guilt from the land and from the people who had no part in the crime.
We, who live in the contemporary western world, might struggle to see how breaking the neck of a perfectly good heifer atones for an unsolved killing. But it doesn’t need to make sense to us. The point is, it made sense to people in ancient Israel.
Having a special ritual like this did a number of things. Firstly, it protected the community from indifference. If someone is killed, that is a serious matter and should not be ignored or swept under the carpet. It needs to be brought into the light and that person’s life needs to be honoured in some way.
Furthermore, Deuteronomy 21 recognises the corporate responsibility of the entire community for the crimes of individuals. Unless the community responds to the crime, by formally declaring it’s innocence, the guilt of the individual rests on the heads of the whole community. [2]
We may struggle with that way of thinking because we live in a relatively individualistic society, one in which people are quick to avoid responsibility. We would do well to consider how our community makes atonement for serious wrong doing.
The purpose of the law, in Deuteronomy 21, is to make atonement for the land and for the community. Thinking of atonement reminds me of what Jesus says, in Matthew 5:23-24…
23 “Therefore, if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother or sister has something against you, 24 leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to them; then come and offer your gift.
I expect Jesus had atonement in mind when he gave this teaching. ‘Making amends’ is one of the essential steps in any reconciliation process.
Jesus himself provided atonement for us on the cross. It is through faith in Jesus’ death and resurrection that we are reconciled to God. There is a mystery to the cross and to the atonement Jesus accomplishes on our behalf. We can’t quite grasp how it works but we don’t need to. Atonement, with a view to reconciliation, always involves an element of faith.
Conclusion:
This morning we have heard what Deuteronomy has to say in relation to the problems of murder, manslaughter and mystery deaths. Murder is prohibited. Cities of refuge are provided for those who commit manslaughter and the community together is to take responsibility for unsolved deaths.
The purpose of the law in all these cases is to protect life, pursue justice and provide atonement.
Jesus fulfils the law and in so doing shows us three values or practices of heaven. Namely: self-control, forgiveness and reconciliation.
What is the Spirit of Jesus saying today? How might this apply to us?
Well, how short is your fuse? How quickly do you lose your temper? Anger is dangerous. Like embers of a fire, anger takes time to cool and can easily be stirred up to full blaze again. Don’t give your anger oxygen. Don’t give it fuel. Don’t keep replaying old grievances in your mind. Let it go. Ask God for the cooling water of grace to forgive.
Perhaps you are not harbouring anger. Perhaps you are exhausted from carrying guilt over some harm you have caused. If the harm was accidental, unintentional, then you are a victim too. Not that you allow yourself the indulgence of thinking that way.
Guilt makes us a prisoner to fear. Guilt forces us to run and hide. Are you looking for refuge, a safe place to rest, to escape the avenger who is always as close as your troubled conscience?
Jesus is a refuge for the guilty. More than that, he is the bridge of atonement. Lay your guilt at the foot of the cross. Make your confession to Jesus. Trust the Lord to justify you. Accept God’s forgiveness and let Christ make amends for you.
Let us pray…
Father God, forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us. Replace our fear with love. Replace our guilt with righteousness. Replace our anger with grace. Lord, we ask for mercy in Jesus’ name. Amen.
Questions for discussion or reflection:
What stands out for you in reading this Scripture and/or in listening to the sermon? Why do you think this stood out to you?
- Do you like murder mysteries and who dun it stories? If you do, what are your favourites? Why do you like murder mysteries?
- Why did Jesus say, “anyone who is angry with a brother or sisterwill be subject to judgment”? What strategies (or spiritual disciplines) can we practice to cultivate self-control and positively manage our anger? How can we tell when our anger is righteous and when it is unrighteous?
- What was the law of Moses encouraging with the designation of cities of refuge?
- What is atonement? Why was it necessary for the village elders to make atonement for unsolved deaths? How might local communities make atonement for serious wrong doing these days?
- Discuss / reflect on the three purposes of the law covered in the sermon above. That is, to protect life, pursue justice and provide atonement? How do these interact with each other? How might we apply these principles today?
- Have you ever felt guilty? How did you find release from your guilt? Have you ever felt angry? How did you find release from your anger?
[1] Refer Patrick Miller’s Interpretation Commentary on Deuteronomy, page 87.
[2] Refer Daniel Block, NIVAC Deuteronomy, page 492.
Tawa Baptist 